Abstract<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Design Studio from Spring 1988<\/strong>, “Urban Infrastructure: Planning and Programming in Developing Countries” <\/strong>was developed by Mona Serageldin, with students and scholars from the Aga Khan Unit for Housing and Urbanization at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The 1988 Design Studio outlined problems and urban infrastructure programs, illustrated by maps, demographics, and case study reports. Curriculum materials give particular attention to support for the urban poor, with case studies on Indonesia<\/strong>, Bahrain<\/strong>, and Zhejiang Province in China<\/strong>. Seven chapters address infrastructure issues in light of rapid urbanization, including unemployment and underemployment in urbanizing countries, and an increased demand for basic needs like water supply and shelter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A final Design Studio student report on Bahrain<\/strong>, features 99 pages of rich spatial, social, commercial, and architectural overview of historic Muharraq<\/strong>, Bahrain’s third largest city. Section 5.0<\/strong> features a paper condensed from Arabic, by Tareq Wali<\/strong>, “Traditional Urban Fabric and Architecture,”<\/strong> including a substantial list of tables, maps, and references. Additional sections cover the historical evolution of the district: <\/p>\n\n\n\n Excerpt<\/p>
[Excerpt, Chapter 6, Paper B, The Urban Operational Perspective. “Introduction to the Course Background,” for “Urban Infrastructure, Planning and Programming in Developing Countries, p. 1.1]<\/strong>
“Virtually without exception in the cities and towns of the developing world, the ability to plan, finance and implement urban development programs and infrastructure programs in particular, is in a state of crisis. Severe deficiencies exist and are growing in nearly all sub-sectors. Explosive population growth, partly through immigration from rural areas and in the cases of the largest cities, natural growth, have placed pressures on city authorities for increased services. For instance, the population of the urban areas in developing countries is likely to grow by 1 billion over the next two decades. Simultaneously with growth to date, the state of existing services has universally deteriorated.”
“At the same time the governments in these countries are trying valiantly to cope with what are prime concerns; large and growing unemployment and under employment, and raised expectations by their peoples of access to minimum basic needs in water supply, shelter, etc. These pressures though countrywide, are visibly focused in the urban areas, and thus influence political, administrative, financial, and economic decisions, not always in a coherent or rational manner.”
“Urbanization involves costs to the public sector which amount to large shares of total public spending. Dense human settlement requires levels of servicing – for health reasons, if no other – which are not as essential elsewhere. Rising incomes increase demands for water, electricity, road space, telephones are similar public services. Expectations for urban amenities and appearances are high, and the costs of providing them are also high. Growth of the larger cities often involves diseconomies of scale – longer pumping distances for water and traveling distances for commuters, for example. In some of the largest metropolitan areas, geographical shape and terrain accentuate the costs of growth: Bangkok, Bombay and Mexico City come to mind. Soaring land prices add to the costs of private and public sector development.”
<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\nSee related I2UD projects below<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n