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“Inclusive Cities and Access to Land, Housing, and Services in Developing Countries,” Urban Development Series: Knowledge Papers, World Bank’s Social, Urban, Rural & Resilience Global Practice, 2016

Abstract

I2UD produced a research paper titled “Inclusive Cities and Access to Land: Housing and Services in Developing Countries.” The World Bank-supported project addressed how global disparities in income, wealth, and opportunity, experienced worldwide, have contributed to social exclusion and spatial segregation in cities in the Middle East, North Africa, Latin America, Central America, and Western Asia.

The final report—authored by Mona Serageldin and I2UD staff, and published in 2016 by the World Bank—documented examples of successful inclusionary policies, programs, and initiatives by public agencies and NGOs with a special focus on cities in Latin America and the Middle East. The report discussed the difficulty in organizing integrative projects. It underscored the shortcomings arising from acting on one dimension of inclusion while ignoring others.

Documents include a workshop presentation from January 2014, with a final draft from April 2014, along with the final report from February 2016.


[Excerpt: Index for the Final Report: “Inclusive Cities and Access to Land, Housing, and Services in Developing Countries.”]

The Growing Importance of Inclusion in Urban Areas
1.1 Defining Inclusion
1.2 Measuring the Dimensions of Exclusion: São Paulo’s Exclusion/Inclusion Indicator Mapping

2. Trends Affecting Social Inclusion in Urban Areas
2.1 Demographics
2.2 Mobility and Migration

3. Infrastructure and Public Services: A Powerful Tool to Promote Social Inclusion
3.1 Rethinking the Approach to Slum Upgrading and Regularization of Informal Settlements
3.2 South Africa’s Municipal Infrastructure Grant Program (MIG)
3.3 Access to Public Services: Social Missions in the the República Bolivariana de Venezuela

4. Restoring the Social Function of Public Space
4.1 Rio de Janeiro’s Favela Bairro Program

5. Access to Land: A Critical Factor at the Core of Inclusion and Exclusion
5.1 Regularizing Tenure in Informal Settlements: Impacts on Social Inclusion
5.2 Impacts of Property Registration on the Inclusion of Informal Settlers
5.3 Integrated Projects to improve the Living Environment: The Role of State Agencies 16
5.4 Egypt’s Informal Settlements Development Facility (ISDF)

6. The Erosion of Inclusive Options for Affordable Housing
6.1 Affordable Housing and Spatial Segregation in Chile
6.2 Looking to Rental Markets as Instruments of Inclusion

7. Generating Revenues to Finance Urban Improvements: Land-Based Financing
7.1 Cuenca’s Improve Your Neighborhood Program

8. The Right to the City
8.1 Implementing the Right to the City in Brazil
8.2 National Legislation and Local Implementation: Colombia’s Policies of Decentralizing the Improvement of Lower Income Settlements
8.3 An Emerging Urban Agenda in the Middle East
8.4 Recife, Brazil (ZEIS)

9. NGOs and CBOs as Strategic Partners in Driving the Implementation of Inclusionary Programs
9.1 Grassroots Initiatives: A Rights-Based Approach
9.2 SEWA
9.3 CODI, Thailand

Concluding Remarks
References
Appendix 1: Indicators of Urban Exclusion and Inclusion in São Paulo, Brazil
Appendix 2: Property Tax and Registration in Middle Eastern Countries
Appendix 3: Statistical Appendix
Appendix 4: Resources

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Project Year:2014-2016
Project Type:Research Paper
Geographic Regions:Latin America and Middle East / Venezuela / Recife and São Paulo, Brazil / Chile / Colombia / Mexico / Syria / Egypt / Morocco / Tunisia / South Africa / Thailand
Reports:
—
Authors:Mona Serageldin; Sheelah Gobar; Warren Hagist; Maren Larsen
Sponsors:World Bank
Categories:Informal Settlements and Urban Upgrading
  
ID:2014_04_001

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Gallery 4: Chile: Santiago, Concepción, and Talcahuano (1992-1993)

Galleries 6-7: Egypt: Cairo and Helwan (1986, 1990)

Gallery 16: Venezuela: Caracas (1989)

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ICLRD Briefing Papers 2012-2016: “Implementation of River Basin Management Plans” and “Applying the Functional Territories Concept: Planning Beyond Borders”

Abstract

The International Centre for Local and Regional Development (ICLRD) published two short Briefing Papers in 2012 and 2016. The articles explored how various forms of urban planning, enacted at different spatial scales, could contribute to better collaboration on the pressing issues facing both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Documents include: “Implementation of River Basin Management Plans: Current Issues and Future Needs” (2012) and “Applying the Functional Territories Concept: Planning Beyond Borders” (2016).

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Project Year:2012-2016
Project Type:ICLRD Project
Geographic Regions:Ireland / Northern Ireland
Reports:
Authors:Cormac Walsh; John Driscoll; Caroline Creamer; Patricia O’Hara; Karen Keaveney; Caitriona Mullan; Ainhoa González Del Campo; Pádraig Maguire
Sponsors:CroSPlaN, European Union INTERREG IVA
Categories:Reconciliation and Development
  
ID:2012_00_001

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“Borderlands: The Journal of Spatial Planning in Ireland,” ICLRD Publication, 2011, 2013

Abstract

“Borderlands: The Journal of Spatial Planning” is Ireland ICLRD’s informative annual journal. The publication featured articles on cross-border and inter-jurisdictional cooperation on the island of Ireland, and beyond. John Driscoll of I2UD and Caroline Creamer of Maynooth University co-edited the first four editions of Borderlands, out of five issues published from January 2011 to 2016. Additionally, François Vigier and Christa Lee-Chuvala contributed an article to a sister organization’s annual publication, the Journal of Cross Border Studies in Ireland.

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Project Year:2011-2013
Project Type:ICLRD Project
Geographic Regions:Ireland / Northern Ireland / Basel Metropolitan Area (Switzerland, France, and Germany)
Reports:
Authors:François Vigier; John Driscoll; Christa Lee-Chuvala
Sponsors:CroSPlaN, European Union INTERREG IIIA and IVA
Categories:Reconciliation and Development
  
ID:2011_00_001

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“GCC Regional Spatial Strategy – Elements and Considerations,” Urban Development Plan, UN-Habitat Gulf States Regional Office Workshops, 2013

Abstract

The “GCC Regional Spatial Strategy” is an urban development plan presented by Mona Serageldin, along with I2UD, as part of a series of regional workshops for high-level municipal officials organized by the Gulf States Regional Office of UN-Habitat.

Serageldin authored another report, “Elements and Considerations,” and a presentation the workshops held in Amman, Jordan in June 2013. Workshops discussed challenges and priorities for regional urban development among GCC countries. Topics stressed the importance of national and regional spatial development strategies for individual member countries, and aimed to utilize growth centers and development corridors to achieve better economic and social integration.

Documents include the general planning process framework from October 2010, a regional summary memo, a presentation on “Regional Spatial Strategy Experiences from China and South Africa,” as well as the “Elements and Considerations” paper by Serageldin.

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Project Year:2010-2013
Project Type:Regional Report
Geographic Regions:Gulf Cooperation Council (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates)
Reports:
Authors:Mona Serageldin
Sponsors:UN-Habitat Regional Office for Arab States (ROAS)
Categories:Urban Planning
  
ID:2010_10_001

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Gallery 3: Bahrain: Manama and Muharraq (1980s)

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ICLRD: Urban Reconciliation Case Studies for Public Housing Estates in Ireland and Northern Ireland, with Study Profile on the Basel Metropolitan Area, 2010-2012

Abstract

Between 2010 and 2012, I2UD contributed to a research series by ICLRD on public housing in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, where residents and local officials worked to improve housing and community in economically and socially segregated public housing estates.

I2UD generated regional planning profiles for six metropolitan estates in Ireland and Northern Ireland: Springfarm, Gobnascale, Carran Crescent, Cranmore, Mahon, and Adamstown. ICLRD featured these reports at its annual conference and published the profiles in the journal “Borderlands.” The Northern Ireland Housing Executive and the Housing Agency in Ireland also published the case studies. I2UD staff contributed roadmaps for developing shared services among local governments, training and education activities, and cross-border river basin research, including a comparative report on the Connecticut River Basin water quality in the northeastern United States.

Documents below begin with an Executive Summary “Shared Services Across Local Government” prepared for the Sixth Annual ICLRD Conference in January 2011, which focused on the theme of “Doing More with Less.” ICLRD contributed a detailed profile of the Basel Metropolitan Area developed in their research program on cross-border and inter-jurisdictional planning. A case study on the Boston Metropolitan Area is also included.

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Project Year:2010-2012
Project Type:Case Studies; City Profile; Urban Reconciliation
Geographic Regions:Ireland / Northern Ireland / Basel Metropolitan Area (Switzerland, France, and Germany) / Boston Metropolitan Area (USA) / Connecticut River Valley (USA)
Reports:
—
—
—
Authors:John Driscoll; François Vigier; Kendra Leith; Paddy Gray; Erick Guerra; Ursula McAnulty; Peter Shanks; James Kostaras; Deborah Peel; Brendan O’Keeffe; Kina Shi; Kendra Leith; Karen Keaveney
Sponsors:CroSPlaN, European Union INTERREG IVA
Categories:Reconciliation and Development
  
ID:2010_05_001

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Gallery 15: United States: Boston, Massachusetts (1994-1997)

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“Township Development Strategy for Emfuleni Municipality,” Technical Assistance to Sedibeng, Gauteng, South Africa, 2009

Abstract

In 2009, I2UD prepared a township development strategy for the Emfuleni Local Municipality in Sedibeng, South Africa, in partnership with Kwezi V3 Engineers, sponsored by South Africa’s Neighborhood Development Partnership Grant (NDPG).

The development strategy focused on reconnecting the four townships, originally isolated by apartheid spatial planning. The proposed plan linked them to the primary economic centers of Vanderbijlpark and Vereeniging. The strategy emphasized three local development corridors linking townships to larger regional routes, and identified five key economic nodes for concentrated investment. It also delineated a tourism route featuring points of interest and historic sites within the four townships.

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Project Year:2009
Project Type:Local Development Strategy
Geographic Regions:Emfuleni Local Municipality, Gauteng, South Africa
Reports:Township Development Strategy for Emfuleni Local Municipality, South Africa: (August 2009)
Authors:Alejandra Mortarini; Mona Serageldin; Kwezi V3 Engineers
Sponsors:Neighbourhood Development Partnership Programme (Republic of South Africa)
Categories:Urban Planning
  
ID:2009_03_001

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“Reintroducing the Spatial Dimension in the Planning and Management of Latin American Cities,” Lecture Presentation by Yves Cabannes, 2003

Abstract

In March 2003, the Center for Urban Development Studies (CUDS) at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design offered a lecture presented by Yves Cabannes, the Regional Coordinator for Latin America and the Caribbean, as part of the Urban Management Program for Latin America and the Caribbean from UN-Habitat. The lecture covers past and current planning of spatial dimensions in Latin American cities and highlights the importance of spatial factors in social integration. It also touches on the significance of citizen participation and of partnerships among civil society, governments, and private sectors.

Presentation topics include:

  • Land use plans in the 90s;
  • (Mono) sector approaches to planning;
  • Strategic City Planning (Barcelona);
  • Influence of UN and Global Agenda in the 90s; and
  • Participatory Action Planning with spatial dimension.

The presentation addresses principles behind the term social inclusion, as “a multidimensional problem: territorial (physical), legal, social, cultural, economic and racial,” going beyond just poverty. The presentation detailed four examples of urban upgrading projects that sought to solve issues of social exclusion and housing shortages in Ecuador, Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina.


[Excerpt: Presentation, Experiences 1-5, lessons in social inclusion from urban development projects in Latin American cities]

“Lessons from some experiences addressing at the same time the global development of the city, the inclusion of the poor communities in the perspective of building democratic, productive and inclusive cities.”

Experience 1: Comunidades, Fortaleza Metropolitan Region, Brazil.

Experience 2: Neighborhood Improvement Participatory Action Planning (City Consultation) in Mesa Los Hornos, Mexico City, Mexico, (1998-2000).

Experience 3: Mapping the social exclusion at city level: Exclusion and Inclusion Map of Santo André, Brazil.

Experience 4: The Spatial dimension of Social inclusion: Integrated Program for Social Inclusion, Santo André, Brazil.

Experience 5: Optimization of Vacant Land in Rosario, Argentina.
___

Project Year:2003
Project Type:Public Lecture
Geographic Regions:Fortaleza and Santo André, Brazil / Rosario, Argentina / Mexico City, Mexico / Quito, Ecuador
Reports:
Reintroducing the Spatial Dimension in the Planning and Management of Latin American Cities: (Presentation)
Authors:Yves Cabannes
Sponsors:Center for Urban Development Studies, Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Categories:Reconciliation and Development, Urban Planning
  
ID:2003_03_001

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Gallery 4: Chile: Santiago, Concepción, and Talcahuano (1992-1993)

Gallery 16: Venezuela: Caracas (1989)

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ITP 1995: “Linking Economic and Physical Development Strategies Intergovernmental Responsibilities in the Context of Decentralization,” International Training Programs, 1994″

Abstract

The Unit for Housing and Urbanization at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design continued their International Training Program (ITP) seminar series in 1995 to aid senior planning officials in improving their decision-making skills. Curriculum components from the 1995 program included a presentation outline, titled “Linking Economic and Physical Development Strategies Intergovernmental Responsibilities in the Context of Decentralization.” Topics covered included:

  1. Evolution of the concept of urban planning in Europe and the United States;
  2. French regional planning: Evolution of a centralized approach linking economic and spatial planning;
  3. The Boston Region: Planning in a Free Enterprise Context;
  4. Project Evaluation Techniques (June 27, 1995)

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Project Year:1995
Project Type:ITP; Education
Geographic Regions:Boston, Massachusetts, US / Paris, France
Reports:ITP 1995: Linking Economic and Physical Development Strategies (Presentation Outlines)
Authors:Unit Team
Sponsors:Unit for Housing and Urbanization, Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Categories:International Training Program; Education
  
ID:1995_06_001

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Beginning in 1982, the Unit for Housing and Urbanization at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design hosted International Training Programs (ITP), an annual series of 2- to 4-week summer seminars designed to strengthen the decision-making skills of senior professionals in public and private agencies responsible for urban development.

The I2UD Digital Library holds curriculum materials for ITPs from 1988, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1997, and 1998:

The tradition of ITPs continued after 2000, when the Center for Urban Development Studies (CUDS) (a re-organization of the Unit) continued training seminars as International Education Programs (IEP) from 2000-2004:

Programs included inter-linked modules, lectures, case studies, interactive computer simulation models, site visits to urban projects, discussion groups and networking with professional counterparts from international metropolitan regions. Sessions had a modular format and structured team teaching, taught by a team of senior faculty and guest lecturers. Programs ended with a synthesis presented through a project evaluation exercise. Participants used case projects to examine strategies from the viewpoint of both public and private partners — to assess the feasibility and potential impacts of policies and projects on the community and the city. Presentations by guest speakers, representing U.S. and international agencies, NGOs, and community groups, were also integrated within the pedagogic framework of each module.