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“Inclusive Cities and Access to Land, Housing, and Services in Developing Countries,” Urban Development Series: Knowledge Papers, February 2016, No. 22. World Bank’s Social, Urban, Rural & Resilience Global Practice, 2016

Abstract

The Institute for International Urban Development produced a research paper between 2014 to 2016 titled “Inclusive Cities and Access to Land: Housing and Services in Developing Countries.” The World Bank supported project addressed how global disparities in income, wealth, and opportunity experienced worldwide have contributed to social exclusion and spatial segregation in cities in the Middle East, North Africa, Latin America, Central America and Western Asia.

The Final Report—authored by Dr. Mona Serageldin with I2UD staff, and published in 2016 by The World Bank—documents examples of successful inclusionary policies, programs, and initiatives by public agencies and NGOs with a special focus on cities in Latin America and the Middle East. The reports discussed the difficulty in organizing integrative projects. It underscored the shortcomings arising from acting on one dimension of inclusion—while ignoring others.

Documents include a workshop presentation from January 2014, with a final draft from April 2014. The Final Report from was published by The World Bank as:

Urban Development Series: Knowledge Papers, February 2016, No. 22, Mona Serageldin, Contributors: Sheelah Gobar, Warren Hagist, and Maren Larsen. “Inclusive Cities and Access to Land, Housing, and Services in Developing Countries.” World Bank’s Social, Urban, Rural & Resilience Global Practice, World Bank, 2016.


[Excerpt: Index for the Final Report: “Inclusive Cities and Access to Land, Housing, and Services in Developing Countries.”]

The Growing Importance of Inclusion in Urban Areas
1.1 Defining Inclusion
1.2 Measuring the Dimensions of Exclusion: São Paulo’s Exclusion/Inclusion Indicator Mapping

2. Trends Affecting Social Inclusion in Urban Areas
2.1 Demographics
2.2 Mobility and Migration

3. Infrastructure and Public Services: A Powerful Tool to Promote Social Inclusion
3.1 Rethinking the Approach to Slum Upgrading and Regularization of Informal Settlements
3.2 South Africa’s Municipal Infrastructure Grant Program (MIG)
3.3 Access to Public Services: Social Missions in the the República Bolivariana de Venezuela

4. Restoring the Social Function of Public Space
4.1 Rio de Janeiro’s Favela Bairro Program

5. Access to Land: A Critical Factor at the Core of Inclusion and Exclusion
5.1 Regularizing Tenure in Informal Settlements: Impacts on Social Inclusion
5.2 Impacts of Property Registration on the Inclusion of Informal Settlers
5.3 Integrated Projects to improve the Living Environment: The Role of State Agencies 16
5.4 Egypt’s Informal Settlements Development Facility (ISDF)

6. The Erosion of Inclusive Options for Affordable Housing
6.1 Affordable Housing and Spatial Segregation in Chile
6.2 Looking to Rental Markets as Instruments of Inclusion

7. Generating Revenues to Finance Urban Improvements: Land-Based Financing
7.1 Cuenca’s Improve Your Neighborhood Program

8. The Right to the City
8.1 Implementing the Right to the City in Brazil
8.2 National Legislation and Local Implementation: Colombia’s Policies of Decentralizing the Improvement of Lower Income Settlements
8.3 An Emerging Urban Agenda in the Middle East
8.4 Recife, Brazil (ZEIS)

9. NGOs and CBOs as Strategic Partners in Driving the Implementation of Inclusionary Programs
9.1 Grassroots Initiatives: A Rights-Based Approach
9.2 SEWA
9.3 CODI, Thailand

Concluding Remarks
References
Appendix 1: Indicators of Urban Exclusion and Inclusion in São Paulo, Brazil
Appendix 2: Property Tax and Registration in Middle Eastern Countries
Appendix 3: Statistical Appendix
Appendix 4: Resources

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year:2014-2016
Project Type:Research Paper
Geographic Regions:Latin America and Middle East / Venezuela / Recife and São Paulo, Brazil / Chile / Colombia / Mexico / Syria / Egypt / Morocco / Tunisia / South Africa / Thailand
Reports:
Inclusive Cities: Final Report, February 2016)

—

Inclusive Cities: (Workshop Presentation, January 2014)

Inclusive Cities: (Final Draft, April 2014)

Authors:Sheelah Gobar; Warren Hagist; Maren Larsen; Dr. Mona Serageldin;
Sponsors:The World Bank
Categories:Informal Settlements and Urban Upgrading
  
ID:2014_04_001

Related I2UD Projects

“World Migration Report,” Background Papers on Displacement, Migration and Resettlement in MENA (Middle East and North Africa), International Organization for Migration, 2014

“The Development and Morphology of Informal Housing,” Research Paper, Published with Aga Khan Award for Architecture Seminar Proceedings, Dr. Mona Serageldin, 1988.

Design Studio 1984: “The Revitalization of a Traditional Urban Quarter” for the Medieval Darb al Ahmar District, Cairo, Egypt, Seminar Curriculum

“Best Practices and Local Leadership Programme,” Review of International Urban Development Projects, for the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UN-Habitat), 1995

Habitat III Regional Report for the Arab Region: Papers on “Inclusive cities,” “Migration and Refugees in Urban Areas,” and “Land Structure, Process, and Outcome,” for UN-Habitat (ROAS) and United Nations (ESCWA), 2015-2016

World Bank MNA Urban Action Plan – Policy and Strategy Papers: “The Evolving Regional Urban Agenda: Key Challenges and Opportunities,” & “From Spring to Renaissance: Repositioning the Arab Cities,” 2013

“Comprehensive Plan for Makkah, Madinah and Mashaer,” Urban Development Strategy for Ancient Holy Sites in Saudi Arabia, 2009

State of Arab Cities 2012 UN-Habitat Report & Conference – “Challenges of Urban Transition: Municipal Management and Urban Development Conference For Sustainability in Arab States,” Kuwait, May 2012

“Basic Services for an Urbanizing World,” Third Global Report on Local Democracy and Decentralization (GOLD III, UCLG). Chapter on “Middle East and West Asia” by Mona Serageldin, I2UD, 2013

UN-HABITAT Spatial Regional Plan and Assessment for the Kurdistan-Iraq Region Housing Program, 2014

Keynote for City Debates 2015, American University of Beirut: “The Dynamics of Neighborhood Transformation: Long Term Trends and Immediate Responses to Turmoil and Civil Unrest,” Dr. Mona Serageldin

“Inclusive Cities and Access to Land, Housing, and Services in Developing Countries,” Urban Development Series: Knowledge Papers, February 2016, No. 22. World Bank’s Social, Urban, Rural & Resilience Global Practice, 2016

“World Migration Report,” Background Papers on Displacement, Migration and Resettlement in MENA (Middle East and North Africa), International Organization for Migration, 2014

“Migration, Remittances and Housing in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Study on Senegal, Kenya, and South Africa, with the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), 2007-2008

“Migration, Remittances and the Empowerment of Women in Central America and the Andean Region,” for PROMESHA, Lund University, 2007-2008

“Habitat III Regional Report for the Arab Region,” for UN-Habitat (ROAS) and United Nations (ESCWA), 2015-2016

“National Urban Strategy for Governorates in Iraq,” Development Strategy for Phase II of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Iraq Ministry of Planning Local Area Development Programme (LADP II), 2014-2018

“National Urban Policies in Arab States,” Regional Assessment and Case Studies on NUPs in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, 2014

UN-HABITAT Spatial Regional Plan and Assessment for the Kurdistan-Iraq Region Housing Program, 2014

“Inclusive Cities and Access to Land, Housing, and Services in Developing Countries,” Urban Development Series: Knowledge Papers, February 2016, No. 22. World Bank’s Social, Urban, Rural & Resilience Global Practice, 2016

“Basic Services for an Urbanizing World,” Third Global Report on Local Democracy and Decentralization (GOLD III, UCLG). Chapter on “Middle East and West Asia” by Mona Serageldin, I2UD, 2013

World Bank MNA Urban Action Plan – Policy and Strategy Papers: “The Evolving Regional Urban Agenda: Key Challenges and Opportunities,” & “From Spring to Renaissance: Repositioning the Arab Cities,” 2013

“GCC Regional Spatial Strategy – Elements and Considerations,” Urban Development Plan, UN-Habitat Gulf States Regional Office Workshops, 2013

State of Arab Cities 2012 UN-Habitat Report & Conference – “Challenges of Urban Transition: Municipal Management and Urban Development Conference For Sustainability in Arab States,” Kuwait, May 2012

“Comprehensive Plan for Makkah, Madinah and Mashaer,” Urban Development Strategy for Ancient Holy Sites in Saudi Arabia, 2009

Executive Training Course 2006: “Strategic Planning for Sustainable Infrastructure Development,” Workshop Curriculum with Case Studies, Pretoria, South Africa, 2006

“Development Corridors and Urban Development Strategies” and “Slum Improvement Strategies and Social Inclusion,” Presentations by Dr. Mona Serageldin, 11th United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, São Paulo, Brazil, 2004

“Migratory Flows, Poverty and Social Inclusion in Latin America,” Research Report by Dr. Mona Serageldin with Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), 2004

“Community-Based Urbanization and Favelas Rehabilitation Processes,” Case Study in Academy Editions, “The Architecture of Empowerment: People, Shelter and Livable Cities,” for Fortaleza, Brazil, 1997

“Review of Ongoing USAID Shelter Sector Activities in Morocco,” Report by Dr. Mona Serageldin with ICMA, TSS Inc. for USAID/Morocco Office of Housing and Urban Programs, 1992-1998

Design Studio 1989: “Rabat’s Urban Fringe,” Urbanization Analysis of Rabat, Morocco – Seminar Curriculum

Design Studio 1988: “Urban Infrastructure Planning and Programing in Developing Countries,” Chapters 1-7, Seminar Curriculum

Gallery 4 – Chile: Santiago, Concepción, and Talcahuano, 1992-1993

Galleries 6-7 – Egypt: Cairo and Helwan, 1986, 1990

Gallery 16 – Venezuela: Caracas, 1989

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“Urban Planning Guide for City Leaders,” Research for UN-Habitat Report, 2014 Edition

In 2014, Dr. Mona Serageldin, Elda Solloso, and Gil Kelley contributed to background research papers for the 2014 edition of the UN-Habitat publication “Urban Planning Guide for City Leaders.” The 188-page report sought to help local leaders to develop and communicate urban planning initiatives and to follow best practices in light of rapid urbanization.


[Excerpt:] Table 4.1, Adapted from research by Dr. Serageldin (page 97):

Project Year:2012
Project Type:Development Strategy
Geographic Regions:Global / None Specified
Reports:
Authors:Mona Serageldin; Pablo Vaggione; Carolina Morgan; Elda Solloso;
Sponsors:UN-Habitat; Siemens;
Categories:Informal Settlements and Urban Upgrading
  
ID:2012_00_002

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“Delivery of Security of Tenure, Infrastructure Services and Access to Finance Through Community-Based Approaches,” Planning Strategy Report on Albania and El Salvador, 4th World Bank Urban Research Symposium, 2007

Abstract

A 2007 research report by I2UD, “Delivery of Security of Tenure, Infrastructure Services and Access to Finance Through Community-Based Approaches” was presented at the 4th World Bank Urban Research Symposium, May 2007, Washington, DC, USA.

The planning strategy examined the provision of land tenure security and basic infrastructure to marginalized groups in Albania and El Salvador. It encouraged a blend of community participation and cooperation among local authorities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and bilateral and multilateral organizations.

Documents include a synthesis of the Symposium published by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) entitled “Beyond Titling: Summing up “Urban Land Use and Land Markets” for the 4th Urban Research Symposium by the World Bank and SIDA in 2007. See an excerpt from the Preface:


[Excerpt: Delivery of Security of Tenure, Summary]

“Incremental approaches to improving tenure security based on community participation and partnerships between local authorities, NGOs and bilateral and multilateral organizations can be effective in fostering social inclusion and facilitating access to urban land:
— In Albania, the Urban Land Management Program addressed the explosive development of informal settlements around Tirana by establishing a demand-driven program for the provision of basic services and engaging residents in the process of planning for community development.
— In El Salvador, the Fundación Salvadoreña de Apoyo Integral (FUSAI) has provided housing solutions to communities located on vulnerable or hazardous land through an integrated package of land provision, mutual-help housing construction and small housing loans. Despite the differences in context, both programs delivered security of tenure and provided basic infrastructure services to marginalized groups.”

Key Words: Security of tenure, infrastructure provision, informal settlements, social inclusion.

[Excerpt: Preface to Beyond Tillting, by Thomas Melin, Head of Division for Urban Development at SIDA]

“The Urban Research Symposium 2007 was held for the fourth time in Washington DC, USA, between May 14th to 16th 2007. The title of [2007’s] Symposium was Urban Land Use and Land Markets. These themes have preoccupied donors, multilateral organisations and civil society for decades but research is still insufficient due to the complexity of the issues.”

“Formal land delivery systems have often been inadequate to meet growing urban populations’ demands for secure tenure. The “informal land delivery system” – squatting, illegal subdivision of plots and pavement dwelling – has been the only answer. In order to improve poor people’s livelihoods, we need to better understand how the full continuum of informal and formal land markets operate; how new solutions to secure land for poor people can be developed; and how land can be used sustainably.”

Project Year:2007
Project Type:Research Paper
Geographic Regions:Tirana, Albania / El Salvador
Reports:

Delivery of Security, Infrastructure Services and Access to Finance through Community-Based Approaches (Report, 2007)


SIDA, Fourth Urban Research Symposium: Beyond Titling (Report, 2007)


Authors:John Driscoll; Christa Lee-Chuvala; Felicity Chan; Carolina Morgan; Dritan Shutina; Mona Serageldin; Mr. Luis Castillo (Fundacion Salvadorena de Apoyo Integral – FUSAI); Ms. Cecilia de Alberto (FUSAI); Ms. Silvia Melendez (FUSAI); Ms. Nidia Hidalgo (FUSAI); Mr. Roberto Gochez (OJicina de Planificacidn del Area Metropolitana de San Salvador); Mr. Wilver Adaias (Department of Engineering and Urban Development, Municipality of Usulután); Mr. David Cook; Ms. Darina Kokona; Jorida Cila; Edmond Leka (GIS consultant in Tirana, Albania)
Sponsors:4th World Bank Urban Research Symposium, May 2007, Washington, DC, USA; Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)
Categories:Urban Planning
  
ID:2007_00_001

Related I2UD Projects

“Framework for Land Management and Urban Development in a Market Economy,” Mission Report for Albania, with Case Studies Annexes, 1994

“Delivery of Security of Tenure, Infrastructure Services and Access to Finance Through Community-Based Approaches,” Report on Albania and El Salvador for the 4th World Bank Urban Research Symposium, 2007

“Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) Sustainable Cities Initiative,” Local Development Strategy for Durrës, Banja Luka, Sarajevo, Pristina and Skopje, with Co-PLAN Albania, 2012-2013

“Social Sustainability and Citizen Engagement (SSCE),” Local Project Management for Phase 2 of the World Bank-Austria Urban Partnership Program (UPP) in Southeastern Europe, 2015

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Habitat II Conference Research Papers: “Cities of the Global South” – “Leadership and Best Practices”- “Tenure Rights and Development Control,” Istanbul, Turkey, June 1996

Abstract

In June 1996, Dr. Mona Serageldin and the Center for Urban Development Studies (CUDS) presented research papers for the United Nation’s Habitat II Conference in Istanbul, Turkey. Documents here include three papers presented by Dr. Mona Serageldin for CUDS:

1. “Cities of the Global South” for a dialogue on Land Policy and Rural Urban Linkages.

2. “Leadership and Best Practices,” for a panel on Governance and Best Practices.

3. “Tenure Rights and Development Control” for a forum on Building Housing to Feel at Home.

Additional documents are a summary of Harvard’s Graduate School of Design participation in international research agendas, “GSD Participation.” Other papers were sponsored by the Urban Management Program of Habitat/World Bank/UNDP, the Institute of Public Administration of New York, and the Center for the Global South at American University in Washington, D.C.


[Excerpt: “GSD Participation,” with Summary of CUDS at the Habitat II Conference]:

“Habitat II was the largest global conference on urban issues since 1976, when Habitat I was held in Vancouver. It attracted over 20,000 participants who debated critical issues, discussed the policy agenda and set directions for the coming decades…

“At the United Nations’ Habitat II Conference held in Istanbul June 3-14, 1996, two cities with whom the Unit for Housing and Urbanization at the GSD has worked over the past few years received Global Best Practices Awards for “excellence in improving the living environment.” They are Lublin, Poland, the Adjame district in Abidjan, Cote d’lvoire. The Unit also organized a special training program for a third recipient, the ANHI housing agency of Morocco.

“Nicolas You, coordinator for Best Practices and Local Leadership Program at Habitat explained that the object of the Awards is to highlight particularly successful actions that improve the human environment. The secretary general of the United Nations, Dr. Boutros – Ghali, presented the awards to the recipients in plenary session.”

“Secretary General of Habitat, Dr. Wally N’Dow stated: “The collection and dissemination of Best Practices will be an important and lasting heritage of Habitat II.” The Initiative will establish a database accessible on the Internet and a video library documenting these outstanding experiences in order to encourage transfer of knowledge, experience, and expertise. The Unit will participate in this interactive mode of exchange of ideas and learning.”

“Mona Serageldin, Professor of Urban Planning and Associate Director of the Unit participated on panels discussing “Best Practices and Good Govemance,” “Cities in the South, Preparing for the Next Millennium,” “Building Capacity for Better Cities,” and “The Dialogue on Land Policy.”

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year:1996
Project Type:CUDS Presentations
Geographic Regions:Istanbul, Turkey (Conference Location)
Reports:
Habitat II Conference: Cities of the Global South (Mona Serageldin, June 1996)


Habitat II Conference: Leadership and Best Practices (Mona Serageldin, June 1996)


Habitat II Conference: Tenure Rights and Development Controls (Mona Serageldin, June 1996)


Habitat II Conference: GSD Participation (June 1996)

Authors:Mona Serageldin (CUDS)
Sponsors:Unit for Housing and Urbanization at the Harvard Graduate School of Design
Categories:Evaluations and Assessments;
  
ID:1996_06_001

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“Second Urban Project,” Urban Development Study Proposals for Conakry, Republic of Guinea, 1990

Abstract

In May 1990, the Unit for Housing and Urbanization presented the Republic of Guinea with an urban development study, the “Second Urban Project” for Conakry. The Unit’s proposal reflected Guinean need for an action program designed to better local neighborhood conditions in 1990. Suggested plans aimed to boost community participation and improve urban health through local planning guidelines.

The Unit designed a plan to assist the Ministry of Housing toward developing strategies for progressive improvements at the neighborhood level, and to provide analytical tools and comparative materials going forward. Regional population distribution maps show “Urban Centers Population (1989)” for Guinea: Conakry, Kankan, Kérouané, Faranah, Fria, Siguiri, Télimélé, Kindia, Forécariah, Dabola, Labé, Pita, Guéckédou and more urban centers in Guinea. Documents include annotated final report for “Guinea’s Second Urban Project,” study proposals by the Unit, notes by John Driscoll.


[Excerpt: Report, February 1990, page 16]

“The Housing and Land Development Component will include the implementation of a first 200-ha land development operation, in Conakry, following the financing and institutional proposals of the recently completed housing policy study (see para. 1.32). That study identified procedures and mechanisms to implement the Government’s strategy to increase formally recognized housing production through subdivision and development of urban land, to rationalize unregulated urban growth through the creation of a regulatory framework for urban planning and land market operations, and to maximize the number of households with access to security of tenure, housing and urban services.

The implementation of this policy is based on replicable land development operations relying on procedures which will limit public sector involvement to construction of secondary infrastructure, whose costs will be fully recovered, and will encourage a variety of public, semipublic and private developers to undertake subdivision and tertiary works within the blocks delimited by the secondary infrastructure network.”

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year:1990
Project Type:Urban Development Study
Geographic Regions:Guinea (Conakry, Kankan, Kérouané, Faranah, Fria, Siguiri, Télimélé, Kindia, Forécariah, Dabola, Labé, Pita, and Guéckédou)
Reports:



Authors:Unit for Housing and Urbanization; John Driscoll;
Sponsors:Unit for Housing and Urbanization at the Harvard Graduate School of Design
Categories:Informal Settlements and Urban Upgrading
  
ID:1990_01_002

Related I2UD Projects

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