ICLRD: Urban Reconciliation Case Studies for Public Housing Estates in Ireland and Northern Ireland, with Study Profile on the Basel Metropolitan Area, 2010-2012

Abstract

Between 2010 and 2012, I2UD contributed to a research series by ICLRD on public housing in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, where residents and local officials worked to improve housing and community in economically and socially segregated public housing estates.

I2UD generated regional planning profiles for six metropolitan estates in Ireland and Northern Ireland: Springfarm, Gobnascale, Carran Crescent, Cranmore, Mahon, and Adamstown. These reports were featured in the annual conference and published in ICLRD’s Journal, “Borderlands.” The Northern Ireland Housing Executive and the Housing Agency in Ireland also published the case studies.  I2UD staff also contributed roadmaps for developing shared services among local governments, training and education activities, and cross-border river basin research including a comparative report on the Connecticut River (Northeastern United States) basin water quality.

Documents below begin with a final document prepared for the Sixth Annual ICLRD Conference in January 2011, which focused on the challenges of “Doing More with Less”: “Shared Services Across Local Government” (Deborah Peel, Brendan O’Keeffe, Linda Shi, Kendra Leith, Karen Keaveney, 2011). The report was “undertaken as part of the International Centre for Local and Regional Development’s (ICLRD) EU-Funded initiative, CroSPlaN. Funded under INTERREG IVA, and administered by the Special EU Programmes Body, this programme promoted the development of a cross-border planning network by promoting the opportunities for collaboration in identified areas of need.

In addition, ICLRD contributed a detailed profile of the Basel Metropolitan Area developed in their research programme on cross-border and inter-jurisdictional planning. The case on Basel was developed under the ICLRD’s Cross-Border Spatial Planning Network Programme (CroSPlaN) funded by the EU INTERREG IVA Programme managed by the Special EU Programmes Body. A case on the Boston Metropolitan Area is also available on the ICLRD website.

Geography Note

The Basel Metropolitan Area extends across three countries: Switzerland, France and Germany. The Trinational Eurodistrict of Basel is an organization of municipalities and cities in the trinational surroundings of Basel. The TEB acts as coordinator for cross-border projects between the German, French and Swiss cities around Basel and promotes the cultural and linguistic exchange between the people living in the region. [Wikipedia, Trinational Eurodistrict of Basel, 2022]

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year:2010-2012
Project Type:Case Studies; City Profile; Urban Reconciliation
Geographic Regions:Ireland / Northern Ireland / Basel Metropolitan Area (Switzerland, France, and Germany) / Boston Metropolitan Area (USA) / Connecticut River Valley (USA)
Reports:

ICLRD: Shared Services Across Local Government Sharing International Experiences (Executive Summary)



ICLRD: Living Together 1: Springfarm (2010)


ICLRD: Living Together 2: Gobnascale (2010)


ICLRD: Living Together 3: Carran Crescent (2010)


ICLRD: Living Together 4: Cranmore (2010)


ICLRD: Living Together 5: Mahon (2010)


ICLRD: Living Together 6: Adamstown 2010



ICLRD: Basel Metropolitan Area: Three Borders One Metropolitan Area (2010)



ICLRD: Regional Planning in the Boston Metropolitan Area (2010)


ICLRD: The Connecticut River Basin: Integrating Water Quality Improvements with Regional Land Use Plans (2011)


Authors:John Driscoll; François Vigier; Kendra Leith; Paddy Gray; Erick Guerra; Ursula McAnulty; Peter Shanks; James Kostaras; Deborah Peel; Brendan O’Keeffe; Kina Shi; Kendra Leith; Karen Keaveney;
Sponsors:European Union (European Regional Development Fund); CroSPlaN (European Union: INTERREG IVA); the Housing Executive;
Categories:Reconciliation and Development
  
ID:2010_05_001

Related I2UD Projects


“Planning for Climate Adaptation Program” for Four Dominican Republic Municipalities: Santo Domingo National District, Santiago de los Caballeros, San Pedro de Macoris, and Las Terrenas, 2015

“National Urban Policies in Arab States,” Regional Assessment and Case Studies on NUPs in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, 2014

“Arusha Urbanization Strategy and Urban Development Plan,” Development Strategy for Arusha Municipality, Tanzania, 2009-2012

ICLRD: Urban Reconciliation Case Studies for Public Housing Estates in Ireland and Northern Ireland, with Study Profile on the Basel Metropolitan Area, 2010-2012

Executive Training Course 2006: “Strategic Planning for Sustainable Infrastructure Development,” Workshop Curriculum with Case Studies, Pretoria, South Africa, 2006

IEP 2003: “Infrastructure and Partnerships for Local Economic Development” in Pretoria and Bloemfontein, South Africa, International Education Programs, 2003

IEP 2002: “Strategic Planning for Local Development & Urban Revitalization,” Program Overview, International Education Programs, 2002

Workshops on “Strategic Planning and Management of Municipal Infrastructure Programs,” from Review of Grant-Funded MIPs in South Africa, May-June 1999

“Housing Microfinance Initiatives,” Case Study for USAID Microenterprise Best Practices Initiative, 1999-2000

ITP 1998: “The Role of Public/Private Partnerships in Urban Improvements,” with Case Studies on Kreuzberg, Berlin (Germany), GIS Mapping on Cape Cod (US) and the Maarouf Quarter of Cairo (Egypt), 1998

“City of Szczecin Capital Improvement Program,” Case Studies for Technical Assistance Program, Szczecin, Poland, 1996

ITP 1994: “Revitalization in Older Urban Spaces,” Upham’s Corner, Dorchester, Boston, South Boston, and New Haven (US); Montpellier (France); and Cork (Ireland) with Case Studies, International Education Programs, 1994

“Introduction to Local Finances,” Teaching Monographs and Case Studies on Finance Management, by Visiting Lecturer David C. Jones, 1994-1999

Tags

Seminar on “Partnerships and Urban Development in Older Neighborhoods in Paris and Boston,” with Centre de Recherches sur l’Habitat (CRH), April 2004

Abstract

In collaboration with the Centre de Recherches sur l’Habitat (CRH) in Paris, the Center for Urban Development Studies (CUDS) documented community development strategies and neighborhood initiatives in La Goutte d’Or in Paris, France and the South End, Boston.

Activities included a study tour of Boston community-based organizations for 21 French local governments and NGO representatives, and a seminar in Paris. The research was supported in part by PUCA (Le Plan Urbanisme, Construction et Architecture), an agency of the French Ministry of Infrastructure and Housing. Documents include a draft project summary, a project proposal in French, and bibliography.



[Excerpt: Proposal, “Partnerships and Urban Development in Older Neighborhoods in Paris and Boston,” 2002]

“Researchers from the two Centers have initiated joint activities to compare urban development in older and economically distressed neighborhoods in Paris and Boston and their respective economic, social and spatial manifestation. The research will provide a better understanding of the dynamics that drive urban development in older districts and their effect on neighborhood revitalization programs. Particular attention will be paid to the method local governments use to work in partnership with local communities in order to improve the quality of life and economic opportunities for lower-income residents. The research is focusing on older districts in transition including: La Goutte d’Or in Paris and St. Denis on the edge of Paris; and in Boston the South End and Dudley neighborhoods. In each city, the neighborhoods illustrate the challenges facing older districts today.”

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year:2004
Project Type:IEP; Education
Geographic Regions:South End, Boston, USA / Goutte d’Or, Paris, France
Reports:
Authors:CUDS team; Centre de Recherches sur l’Habitat (CRH); John Driscoll; Marie Helene Bacque; Yankel Fijalkow;
Sponsors:PUCA (Le Plan Urbanisme, Construction et Architecture); French Ministry of Infrastructure and Housing; Center for Urban Development of the Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Categories:International Education Program; Executive Training Program; Education;
  
ID:2004_00_001

Related I2UD Projects

Tags

IEP 2003: “Infrastructure and Partnerships for Local Economic Development” in Pretoria and Bloemfontein, South Africa, International Education Programs, 2003

Abstract

Curriculum components from the 2003 IEP (International Education Program) “Infrastructure and Partnerships for Local Economic Development,” which was held in Pretoria and Bloemfontein, South Africa in August and September 2003.

Documents include agendas, case studies, project summaries, and reference materials. Noted work by Mona Dr. Serageldin includes “Decentralization and Urban Infrastructure Management Capacity,” a background paper for the 2001 Third Global Report on Human Settlements.

Additional contextual documents include:
The “Best Practices 2001” submission for Middledrift, Eastern Cape, South Africa; an executive summary from May 2000 for the “Housing Microfinance Initiative”; a presentation of indicator reports by CUDS “Neighborhood Improvement Program, Neiva, Colombia”; and “Participant Evaluation and Comments” forms for the 2003 seminar participants.

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year:2003
Project Type:IEP; Education
Geographic Regions:Pretoria and Bloemfontein, South Africa (Program Locations) / Brazil (Porto Alegre, Gravataí, Caxias do Sul, Belo Horizonte, Santo André, Rio Grande do Sul, and Fortaleza) / Boston, Massachusetts, USA / South Africa (Middledrift, Eastern Cape; Elim, Western Cape; and Johannesburg) / Bogotá, Colombia / Southwark, London, UK / Saint-Denis and Aubervilliers, France / Ahmedabad, India / Adjamé, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire / Szczecin, Poland
Reports:




























Authors:CUDS team
Sponsors:Center for Urban Development of the Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Categories:International Education Program; Education;
  
ID:2003_08_001

Related I2UD Projects

The International Training Programs (ITP) began in 1982, as 2-4 week long summer seminars held by the Unit for Housing and Urbanization (Harvard University) in Cambridge, MA. ITP curriculums were designed to strengthen the decision-making skills of senior professionals in public and private agencies responsible for urban development.

The I2UD Digital Library holds curriculum materials for ITPs from 19881991199419951997 and 1998:

The tradition of ITPs continued after 2000, when CUDS (a re-organization of the Unit) continued training seminars as “International Education Programs” (IEP) from 2000-2004:

Programs included inter-linked modules, lectures, case studies, interactive computer simulation models, site visits to urban projects, discussion groups and networking with professional counterparts from international metropolitan regions. Sessions had a modular format and structured team teaching, taught by a team of senior faculty and guest lecturers. Programs ended with a synthesis presented through a project evaluation exercise. Participants used case projects to examine strategies from the viewpoint of both public and private partners — to assess the feasibility and potential impacts of policies and projects on the community and the city. Presentations by guest speakers representing U.S. and international agencies, NGOs, and community groups were also integrated within the pedagogic framework of each module.


“Planning for Climate Adaptation Program” for Four Dominican Republic Municipalities: Santo Domingo National District, Santiago de los Caballeros, San Pedro de Macoris, and Las Terrenas, 2015

“National Urban Policies in Arab States,” Regional Assessment and Case Studies on NUPs in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, 2014

“Arusha Urbanization Strategy and Urban Development Plan,” Development Strategy for Arusha Municipality, Tanzania, 2009-2012

ICLRD: Urban Reconciliation Case Studies for Public Housing Estates in Ireland and Northern Ireland, with Study Profile on the Basel Metropolitan Area, 2010-2012

Executive Training Course 2006: “Strategic Planning for Sustainable Infrastructure Development,” Workshop Curriculum with Case Studies, Pretoria, South Africa, 2006

IEP 2003: “Infrastructure and Partnerships for Local Economic Development” in Pretoria and Bloemfontein, South Africa, International Education Programs, 2003

IEP 2002: “Strategic Planning for Local Development & Urban Revitalization,” Program Overview, International Education Programs, 2002

Workshops on “Strategic Planning and Management of Municipal Infrastructure Programs,” from Review of Grant-Funded MIPs in South Africa, May-June 1999

“Housing Microfinance Initiatives,” Case Study for USAID Microenterprise Best Practices Initiative, 1999-2000

ITP 1998: “The Role of Public/Private Partnerships in Urban Improvements,” with Case Studies on Kreuzberg, Berlin (Germany), GIS Mapping on Cape Cod (US) and the Maarouf Quarter of Cairo (Egypt), 1998

“City of Szczecin Capital Improvement Program,” Case Studies for Technical Assistance Program, Szczecin, Poland, 1996

ITP 1994: “Revitalization in Older Urban Spaces,” Upham’s Corner, Dorchester, Boston, South Boston, and New Haven (US); Montpellier (France); and Cork (Ireland) with Case Studies, International Education Programs, 1994

“Introduction to Local Finances,” Teaching Monographs and Case Studies on Finance Management, by Visiting Lecturer David C. Jones, 1994-1999

Tags

IEP August 2000: “Boston, Massachusetts: Strategic Plans and Community Participation,” International Education Programs, 2000

Abstract


Curriculum components from the August 2000 IEP, “Boston, Massachusetts: Strategic Plans and Community Participation.” Materials include case studies and project summaries from influential offices and agencies from Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Many case studies were replicated for later years of the IEP program. Multiple curriculum components are contained in each document. See individual cover pages for full section indexes, or the Program Reference Materials List (Volume 1 Index).

For example:
“Boston Strategic Plans And Community Participation (Case Studies)” contains multiple works:

A Civic Vision for Turnpike Air Rights (Strategic Development Study Committee; Boston Redevelopment Authority Boston, MA; 2000)

Private/Public Development of South Station (Center for Urban Development Studies; Cambridge, MA; 1995)

– Boston 400 Guide to Community Participation, (Boston Redevelopment Authority; Boston, MA; Summer, 1999)

– Choosing to Compete: A Statewide Strategy for Job Creation and Economic Growth: Executive Summary (Executive Office of Economic Affairs; Commonwealth of Massachusetts May, 1993)

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year:2000
Project Type:IEP; Education
Geographic Regions:Boston, Massachusetts, USA (Waterfront, South Boston, East Boston, Harbor Point, Dorchester, Nubian Square, and Roslindale) / Elmwood, Providence, Rhode Island, USA / New York Metropolitan Area, USA / Paris, France / Szczecin, Poland / Tirana, Albania / St. Petersburg, Russia
Reports:
IEP 2000: “Linking Economic and Physical Development Strategies: Intergovernmental Responsibilities in the Context of Decentralization” (Lecture Notes, Francois Vigier)


IEP 2000: Boston Strategic Plans and Community Participation (Case Studies)



IEP 2000: Waterfront Development in Boston (Case Studies)



IEP 2000: Harbor Point (Case Studies)



IEP 2000: Boston Housing Authority Initiatives (Case Studies)



IEP 2000: The Federal Government and Housing Initiatives (Case Studies)



IEP 2000: Project RIGHT, Inc (Dorchester, MA Case Studies)



IEP 2000: Elmwood Neighborhood Proposal to Rhode Island Housing for the Neighborhood Revitalization Program



IEP 2000: Main Streets Programs in Boston (Case Studies)



IEP 2000: Dudley Square (Boston MA)



IEP 2000: Regional Plan Association (New York, NY)



IEP 2000: Municipal Policy and Finance (Case Studies)



IEP 2000: Microfinance Synthesis, Regional Summary for Asia, Latin American and Sub-Saharan Africa with Selected Case Studies



IEP 2000: International Case Studies (Szcenzin, Poland and Paris, France)



IEP 2000: Introductory Materials: Center Staff and Presenter Bios (List of Reference Materials)



IEP 2000: Program Reference Materials List (Volume 1 Index)



Authors:François Vigier; Mona Serageldin; John Driscoll; David Jones; Christopher Rogers; Kath Phelan; Linda Haar; Thomas Nally; Carol R. Johnson; Deborah Goddard; Richard Henderson; Martin Nee; Jorge Martinez; David Knowles; Margaret Thalwitz; Robert Yaro; Kimberley Wilson;
Sponsors:Center for Urban Development of the Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Categories:International Education Program; Education;
  
ID:2000_08_002

Related I2UD Projects

The International Training Programs (ITP) began in 1982, as 2-4 week long summer seminars held by the Unit for Housing and Urbanization (Harvard University) in Cambridge, MA. ITP curriculums were designed to strengthen the decision-making skills of senior professionals in public and private agencies responsible for urban development.

The I2UD Digital Library holds curriculum materials for ITPs from 19881991199419951997 and 1998:

The tradition of ITPs continued after 2000, when CUDS (a re-organization of the Unit) continued training seminars as “International Education Programs” (IEP) from 2000-2004:

Programs included inter-linked modules, lectures, case studies, interactive computer simulation models, site visits to urban projects, discussion groups and networking with professional counterparts from international metropolitan regions. Sessions had a modular format and structured team teaching, taught by a team of senior faculty and guest lecturers. Programs ended with a synthesis presented through a project evaluation exercise. Participants used case projects to examine strategies from the viewpoint of both public and private partners — to assess the feasibility and potential impacts of policies and projects on the community and the city. Presentations by guest speakers representing U.S. and international agencies, NGOs, and community groups were also integrated within the pedagogic framework of each module.


“Planning for Climate Adaptation Program” for Four Dominican Republic Municipalities: Santo Domingo National District, Santiago de los Caballeros, San Pedro de Macoris, and Las Terrenas, 2015

“National Urban Policies in Arab States,” Regional Assessment and Case Studies on NUPs in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, 2014

“Arusha Urbanization Strategy and Urban Development Plan,” Development Strategy for Arusha Municipality, Tanzania, 2009-2012

ICLRD: Urban Reconciliation Case Studies for Public Housing Estates in Ireland and Northern Ireland, with Study Profile on the Basel Metropolitan Area, 2010-2012

Executive Training Course 2006: “Strategic Planning for Sustainable Infrastructure Development,” Workshop Curriculum with Case Studies, Pretoria, South Africa, 2006

IEP 2003: “Infrastructure and Partnerships for Local Economic Development” in Pretoria and Bloemfontein, South Africa, International Education Programs, 2003

IEP 2002: “Strategic Planning for Local Development & Urban Revitalization,” Program Overview, International Education Programs, 2002

Workshops on “Strategic Planning and Management of Municipal Infrastructure Programs,” from Review of Grant-Funded MIPs in South Africa, May-June 1999

“Housing Microfinance Initiatives,” Case Study for USAID Microenterprise Best Practices Initiative, 1999-2000

ITP 1998: “The Role of Public/Private Partnerships in Urban Improvements,” with Case Studies on Kreuzberg, Berlin (Germany), GIS Mapping on Cape Cod (US) and the Maarouf Quarter of Cairo (Egypt), 1998

“City of Szczecin Capital Improvement Program,” Case Studies for Technical Assistance Program, Szczecin, Poland, 1996

ITP 1994: “Revitalization in Older Urban Spaces,” Upham’s Corner, Dorchester, Boston, South Boston, and New Haven (US); Montpellier (France); and Cork (Ireland) with Case Studies, International Education Programs, 1994

“Introduction to Local Finances,” Teaching Monographs and Case Studies on Finance Management, by Visiting Lecturer David C. Jones, 1994-1999

Tags

City of Boston’s “Neighborhood Partnership Initiative” & “Main Street Program,” Urban Revitalization for Roslindale and West Roxbury, Boston, United States, 1997

Abstract

These materials document CUDS’ involvement with the City of Boston’s Neighborhood Partnership Initiative in the late 1990s. The initiatives sought to restructure distressed neighborhoods and revitalize districts in Boston through community organization, new economic activity and housing improvements, including a redesign for Boston’s main streets.

Neighborhoods included Washington/Grove St in West Roxbury, and Washington St/West Roxbury Parkway in Roslindale. (Roslindale is a primarily residential neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, bordered by Jamaica Plain, Hyde Park, West Roxbury and Mattapan.)


[Excerpt: Overview]

Boston, MA:
“Municipalities worldwide have successfully engaged community groups in structured partnerships based on joint definitions of needs and opportunities. Local initiatives programs support and encourage civic leadership and all of them involve a program of shared financial commitments that leverage public and private resources. In the case of Boston, the city and its development agencies created an array of programs to address the needs of the city’s distressed neighborhoods and utilized collaborative approaches that build upon the economic, social, and physical assets in a community.

Boston’s Department of Neighborhood Development (DND) Neighborhood Partnership Initiative (NPI) is an example of a model program that worked actively with neighborhood residents and community organizations to develop coordinated plans for neighborhood preservation and housing improvements. The NPI ended in 1996 and evolved into Boston’s Main Street Program, another partnership program that focuses on the revitalization of business districts in 19 neighborhoods. In Main Streets, the city provides seed funding for a coordinator who works with a board representing local businesses and NGOs in the neighborhood.”

The Neighborhood Partnership Initiative:
“In the 1980s, DND redefined its role from a capital planning agency to a community development agency managing a number of diverse programs. The DND’s goal was to strategically invest resources to build up the strength and vitality of neighborhoods and work directly with community-based organizations to coordinate and implement public improvements, housing, open space, and youth social programs. The Neighborhood Partnership Initiative grew out of a review of existing programs working at the neighborhood level that were not having their desired impact and the realization that DND needed to develop a more focused strategy for allocating scarce public resources.”

Project Year:1997
Project Type:Case Study
Geographic Regions:Boston, Massachusetts, USA (South Boston, South End, Roxbury, West Roxbury, Washington Street, and Roslindale)
Reports:




Authors:John Driscoll
Sponsors:CUDS (Center for Urban Development Studies at the Harvard Graduate School of Design)
Categories:Informal Settlements and Urban Upgrading
  
ID:1997_05_001

Related I2UD Projects

Tags

ITP 1997: “South Boston Metropolitan Area Community Housing,” Case Studies from Boston, Massachusetts, International Training Programs, 1997

Abstract

Documents represent curriculum components from the 1997 ITP, primarily case studies on community housing projects around the South Boston area including:

The Engleston Jackson Strategy
Wharf Three
Tower Hamlets Housing Action Trust
The Massachusetts Third Harbor Tunnel Project
The South Station Joint Development Project
The Massachusetts Port Authority Project, and
The Urban Development Policy in Contrats de Ville, France

Additional documents are resource materials for job creation and economic growth, micro-business models, an overview of Boston, and an outline of faculty, guest lecturers and speakers.

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year:1997
Project Type:ITP; Education
Geographic Regions:Boston, Massachusetts, USA (South Boston, Seaport, Waterfront, Rowes Wharf, South Station, and South End) / Tower Hamlets, London, UK / France
Reports:
















Authors:François Vigier; Mona Serageldin; Jerold Kayden; John DriscoII; David Jones; Judith Grant;
Pat Cusick (Executive Director, South End Neighborhood Action Plan SNAP); Richard Dimino (Chief Executive Director, Artery Business Committee); Linda Mogelli Haar, (Director of Planning and Zoning, Boston Redevelopment Authority); Richard Henderson, (Associate Director of Port Planning and Development, Massachusetts Port Authority); James Kostaras, (Senior Architect/Planner, Boston Redevelopment Authority);
Sponsors:Unit for Housing and Urbanization
Categories:International Training Program; Education;
  
ID:1997_00_002

Related I2UD Projects

The International Training Programs (ITP) began in 1982, as 2-4 week long summer seminars held by the Unit for Housing and Urbanization (Harvard University) in Cambridge, MA. ITP curriculums were designed to strengthen the decision-making skills of senior professionals in public and private agencies responsible for urban development.

The I2UD Digital Library holds curriculum materials for ITPs from 19881991199419951997 and 1998:

The tradition of ITPs continued after 2000, when CUDS (a re-organization of the Unit) continued training seminars as “International Education Programs” (IEP) from 2000-2004:

Programs included inter-linked modules, lectures, case studies, interactive computer simulation models, site visits to urban projects, discussion groups and networking with professional counterparts from international metropolitan regions. Sessions had a modular format and structured team teaching, taught by a team of senior faculty and guest lecturers. Programs ended with a synthesis presented through a project evaluation exercise. Participants used case projects to examine strategies from the viewpoint of both public and private partners — to assess the feasibility and potential impacts of policies and projects on the community and the city. Presentations by guest speakers representing U.S. and international agencies, NGOs, and community groups were also integrated within the pedagogic framework of each module.

Tags

Reuse Plans for Boston’s Navy Yards and Military Bases: “Balanced Growth Reuse Strategies for Military Base Conversions,” Boston, USA, 1993-1996

Abstract

In 1993 and 1996, the Unit compiled two urban planing reports for the reuse of decommissioned military bases and historic navy shipyards in Boston and South Boston, USA.

The first, “Balanced Growth Reuse Strategies for Military Base Conversions” (1993) was a Technical Assistance and Research and Evaluation lead by Dr. Francois Vigier (The Unit, Chairman of the Department of Urban Planning and Design) with Victor W. Karen (City of Boston’s planning and redevelopment agency). The undertaking was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Commerce Economic Development Administration (EDA). The EDA in turn supported the Office of Economic Adjustment (OEA) to assist communities through the military base decommissioning process and transition to civilian life.

The report presented urban planning approaches to harness the potential social and economic reuse of U.S. military bases scheduled for closure. Forts included Fort Devens, MA: An army base in a rural setting (c. 1996); Charleston Navy Yard, SC: A navy facility in an urban setting; and Lowry Air Force Base, CO: An air force installation in a suburban setting. (2.3 Capsule Project Description).

Local professionals were consulted for the study, including leading educators and urban planning experts in the Boston area from the mid-1990s: Robert W. Rush (Director of Economic Development for the City of Springfield, MA); James English (Project manager for a private sector biotechnology for Charlestown Navy Yard); Paul Van Dien Davis (Private sector real estate manager for Charlestown Navy Yard’s developer); William Poorvu (Professor of Entrepreneurship at the Harvard Business School); and Alan Altshuler (Ruth and Frank Stanton Professor of Urban Policy and Planning at the Graduate School of Design and Kennedy School of Government and Director of the A. Alfred Taubman Center for State and Local Government) – circa. 1996.

The second report, “Reuse Strategies for Military Base Conversions (1996)” was authored by the Unit, led by Dr. Vigier (former Charles Dyer Norton Professor of Regional Planning, Harvard University), and Edward Robbins (Lecturer in Urban Design). Documents include an Executive Report, a Summary Report, and Main report. The strategy addressed four points of value in the specific case of Boston’s base zones: historic value, regional economic trends, investment for economic growth, and the centralization of a community input process in the formulation of a closure strategy for Boston’s bases. Overall, this pair of reports are excellent models of the Unit’s early style of professional urban planning.

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year1993-1996
Project Type:Technical Assistance
Geographic Regions:Charlestown Navy Yard and Marine Industrial Park, Boston, Massachusetts, USA / (Formerly) Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado, USA / (Formerly) Fort Devens, Massachusetts, USA / (Formerly) Griffiss Air Force Base, New York, USA / (Formerly) Charleston Naval Complex, South Carolina, USA
Reports:
Balanced Growth Reuse Strategies for Military Base Conversions: (Vigier, December 1993)

___

Reuse Strategies for Military Base Conversions: (Executive Summary, 1996)


Reuse Strategies for Military Base Conversions: (Summary Report, December 1996)


Reuse Strategies for Military Base Conversions: (Main Report, December 1996)

Authors:Dr. Francois Vigier (the Unit); Victor W. Karen; Edward Robbin; Robert W. Rush; James English; Paul Van Dien Davis
Sponsors:Economic Development Administration (ESA), U.S. Dept. of Commerce Development Administration
Categories:Urban Finance
  
ID:1996_12_001

Related I2UD Projects

Tags

ITP 1995: “Linking Economic and Physical Development Strategies Intergovernmental Responsibilities in the Context of Decentralization,” International Training Programs, 1994″

Abstract

Curriculum components from the 1995 ITP, in a presentation outline titled “Linking Economic and Physical Development Strategies Intergovernmental Responsibilities in the Context of Decentralization.” Subheadings covered include:

1. Evolution of the concept of urban planning in Europe and the United States;
2. French regional planning: Evolution of a centralized approach linking economic and spatial planning;
3. The Boston Region: Planning in a Free Enterprise Context;
4. Project Evaluation Techniques (June 27, 1995)

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year:1995
Project Type:ITP; Education
Geographic Regions:Boston, Massachusetts, USA / Paris, France
Reports:
Authors:The Unit
Sponsors:Unit for Housing and Urbanization of the Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Categories:International Training Program; Education;
  
ID:1995_06_001

Related I2UD Projects

The International Training Programs (ITP) began in 1982, as 2-4 week long summer seminars held by the Unit for Housing and Urbanization (Harvard University) in Cambridge, MA. ITP curriculums were designed to strengthen the decision-making skills of senior professionals in public and private agencies responsible for urban development.

The I2UD Digital Library holds curriculum materials for ITPs from 19881991199419951997 and 1998:

The tradition of ITPs continued after 2000, when CUDS (a re-organization of the Unit) continued training seminars as “International Education Programs” (IEP) from 2000-2004:

Programs included inter-linked modules, lectures, case studies, interactive computer simulation models, site visits to urban projects, discussion groups and networking with professional counterparts from international metropolitan regions. Sessions had a modular format and structured team teaching, taught by a team of senior faculty and guest lecturers. Programs ended with a synthesis presented through a project evaluation exercise. Participants used case projects to examine strategies from the viewpoint of both public and private partners — to assess the feasibility and potential impacts of policies and projects on the community and the city. Presentations by guest speakers representing U.S. and international agencies, NGOs, and community groups were also integrated within the pedagogic framework of each module.

Tags

ITP 1994: “Revitalization in Older Urban Spaces,” Upham’s Corner, Dorchester, Boston, South Boston, and New Haven (US); Montpellier (France); and Cork (Ireland) with Case Studies, International Education Programs, 1994

Abstract

Curriculum components from the 1994 ITP, “Revitalization of Older Urban Spaces,” including case studies for developments in Science Park, in New Haven, Connecticut, Dorchester Bay Enterprise Park, Cork’s Historic Center, Montpellier’s Eurocite Technopolis, the Boston Megaplex, South Boston’s Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Facility and the Upham’s Corner Commercial Revitalization Projects.

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year:1994
Project Type:ITP; Education
Geographic Regions:Boston, Massachusetts, US (South Boston and Upham’s Corner, Dorchester) / New Haven, Connecticut, US / Cork, Ireland / Montpellier, France
Reports:

ITP 1994: Science Park (New Haven, CT, USA Case Study)


ITP 1994: Overview for Science Park (New Haven, CT, USA, Case Study)


ITP 1994: Cork Regeneration of the Historic Center (Ireland, Case Study)


ITP 1994: Dorchester Bay Enterprise Park (Boston, MA, USA, Case Study)


ITP 1994: Dorchester Bay Economic Development Corporation (Boston, MA, USA Case Study)


ITP 1994: Montpellier Eurocite and National Economic and Urban Development Policy (France, Case Study)


ITP 1994: Montpellier Eurocite The Technopolis (France, Case Study)


ITP 1994: Montpellier Technopolis (France, Charts)



Authors:Barry Shaw; David Knowles; Bob Haas;
Sponsors:Unit for Housing and Urbanization of the Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Categories:International Training Program;
Education;
  
ID:1994_07_001

Related I2UD Projects

The International Training Programs (ITP) began in 1982, as 2-4 week long summer seminars held by the Unit for Housing and Urbanization (Harvard University) in Cambridge, MA. ITP curriculums were designed to strengthen the decision-making skills of senior professionals in public and private agencies responsible for urban development.

The I2UD Digital Library holds curriculum materials for ITPs from 19881991199419951997 and 1998:

The tradition of ITPs continued after 2000, when CUDS (a re-organization of the Unit) continued training seminars as “International Education Programs” (IEP) from 2000-2004:

Programs included inter-linked modules, lectures, case studies, interactive computer simulation models, site visits to urban projects, discussion groups and networking with professional counterparts from international metropolitan regions. Sessions had a modular format and structured team teaching, taught by a team of senior faculty and guest lecturers. Programs ended with a synthesis presented through a project evaluation exercise. Participants used case projects to examine strategies from the viewpoint of both public and private partners — to assess the feasibility and potential impacts of policies and projects on the community and the city. Presentations by guest speakers representing U.S. and international agencies, NGOs, and community groups were also integrated within the pedagogic framework of each module.


“Planning for Climate Adaptation Program” for Four Dominican Republic Municipalities: Santo Domingo National District, Santiago de los Caballeros, San Pedro de Macoris, and Las Terrenas, 2015

“National Urban Policies in Arab States,” Regional Assessment and Case Studies on NUPs in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, 2014

“Arusha Urbanization Strategy and Urban Development Plan,” Development Strategy for Arusha Municipality, Tanzania, 2009-2012

ICLRD: Urban Reconciliation Case Studies for Public Housing Estates in Ireland and Northern Ireland, with Study Profile on the Basel Metropolitan Area, 2010-2012

Executive Training Course 2006: “Strategic Planning for Sustainable Infrastructure Development,” Workshop Curriculum with Case Studies, Pretoria, South Africa, 2006

IEP 2003: “Infrastructure and Partnerships for Local Economic Development” in Pretoria and Bloemfontein, South Africa, International Education Programs, 2003

IEP 2002: “Strategic Planning for Local Development & Urban Revitalization,” Program Overview, International Education Programs, 2002

Workshops on “Strategic Planning and Management of Municipal Infrastructure Programs,” from Review of Grant-Funded MIPs in South Africa, May-June 1999

“Housing Microfinance Initiatives,” Case Study for USAID Microenterprise Best Practices Initiative, 1999-2000

ITP 1998: “The Role of Public/Private Partnerships in Urban Improvements,” with Case Studies on Kreuzberg, Berlin (Germany), GIS Mapping on Cape Cod (US) and the Maarouf Quarter of Cairo (Egypt), 1998

“City of Szczecin Capital Improvement Program,” Case Studies for Technical Assistance Program, Szczecin, Poland, 1996

ITP 1994: “Revitalization in Older Urban Spaces,” Upham’s Corner, Dorchester, Boston, South Boston, and New Haven (US); Montpellier (France); and Cork (Ireland) with Case Studies, International Education Programs, 1994

“Introduction to Local Finances,” Teaching Monographs and Case Studies on Finance Management, by Visiting Lecturer David C. Jones, 1994-1999

Tags

“The Use of Land and Infrastructure in the Self-Improvement Strategies of Urban Lower Income Families,” Paper by Dr. Mona Serageldin, UN Habitat Fourteenth Commission Report, May 1993

Abstract

A landmark paper by Dr. Mona Serageldin, “The Use of Land and Infrastructure in the Self-Improvement Strategies of Urban Lower Income Families,” was included in the The Fourteenth Commission UNCHS/Habitat Report and presented to the Commission in Nairobi, Kenya in May 1993.

This work presented the self-improvement strategies of families dealing with challenging living conditions as an ‘intricate and dynamic’ part of urban development, conditions which planners should respect. Dr. Serageldin’s report drew on her long history of research on urban development in cities globally, using short narrative examples and photos to illustrate specific households in: Abidjan, Amman, Cairo, Jakarta, Karachi, Kinshasa, Quito, Mexico City, Rabat, Surabaya, Tunis, and Boston. The report was sponsored by the Family and Development Program and the Office of Housing and Urban Programs of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

Additionally, another essay (Excerpts below) on the same topic was published as USAID Seminar Brief No. 4: “How Urban Families use Infrastructure and Housing in their own Development,” (June 1992). This document summarized Dr. Serageldin’s seminar presentation for the USAID Family and Development Initiative Series on April 24, 1992, relaying her presentation of trends toward informal housing developments emerging in reaction to rapid urbanization in city populations – making housing shortages a dire problem for low income families.


[Excerpt: USAID Seminar No. 4. “How Urban Families use Infrastructure and Housing in their own Development,” June 1992.]

Keeping Families Together: Dr. Serageldin’s longitudinal research in Cairo illustrated the importance of a house as an asset that keeps families together. Vertical expansion of buildings provides space which can be used to house less fortunate family members, such as the elderly, at advantageous terms to all parties. In one case, the rental income saved by a widowed mother living on a relative’s top floor was spent on her children’s school fees while the income generated by this family member from a ground floor shop covered the family’s living expenses.”

Project Year:1993, 1992
Project Type:Research Paper
Geographic Regions:Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire / Amman, Jordan / Cairo, Egypt / Jakarta and Surabaya, Indonesia / Karachi, Pakistan / Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo / Quito, Ecuador / Mexico City, Mexico / Rabat, Morocco / Tunis, Tunisia / Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Reports:

“The Use of Land and Infrastructure in the Self-Improvement Strategies of Urban Lower Income Families,” Fourteenth Commission UN Habitat Report (May 1993)



USAID Seminar Brief No. 4: “How Urban Families use Infrastructure and Housing in their own Development” (June 1992)


Authors:John Driscoll; María-Luisa Fernández; Mona Serageldin
Sponsors:USAID Family and Development Program; USAID Office of Housing and Urban Programs
Categories:Informal Settlements and Urban Upgrading
  
ID:1993_05_001

Related I2UD Projects

Tags

ITP 1991: “Development Strategies for Urban Regeneration of Old Urban Fabric,” Case Studies and Seminar Curriculum, International Training Programs, 1991

Abstract

The 1991 ITP addressed strategies of re-manipulating old urban fabric, including plans to restructure central zones, recapture the development potential of strategically located parcels, and preserve valued urban and architectural heritage.

Case Studies address a range of old urban zones needing restructure: Redeveloping obsolete and dilapidated zones (London Docklands); Reshaping deteriorating central zones (Boston’s Waterfront); Halting the degradation of the physical environment (The Hafsia district in Tunis, Tunisia); and Preserving the distinctive character of historical areas (The Vieux Carré in New Orleans).

Documents represent curriculum components from the 1991 ITP, including case studies, project summaries, newspaper and journal articles, and module overviews. Some materials may be replicated in other years of the ITP programs.

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year:1991
Project Type:ITP; Education
Geographic Regions:Waterfront, Boston, USA / London Docklands, UK / Hafsia, Tunis, Tunisia / Vieux Carré, New Orleans, USA / Kreuzberg, Berlin, Germany / Maarouf, Cairo, Egypt / Walled City of Lahore, Pakistan / Ij Waterfront, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Reports:
ITP 1991: Module IV Development Strategies for Urban Regeneration


ITP 1991: Case 1 The Docklands, London


ITP 1991: Case 2 Waterfront Area, Boston


ITP 1991: Case 4 The Vieux Carre, New Orleans


ITP 1991: (Group Exercise)


Authors:François Vigier; Mr Victor Karen; Barry Shaw;
Sponsors:Unit for Housing and Urbanization of the Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Categories:International Training Program; Education;
  
ID:1991_07_001

Related I2UD Projects

The International Training Programs (ITP) began in 1982, as 2-4 week long summer seminars held by the Unit for Housing and Urbanization (Harvard University) in Cambridge, MA. ITP curriculums were designed to strengthen the decision-making skills of senior professionals in public and private agencies responsible for urban development.

The I2UD Digital Library holds curriculum materials for ITPs from 19881991199419951997 and 1998:

The tradition of ITPs continued after 2000, when CUDS (a re-organization of the Unit) continued training seminars as “International Education Programs” (IEP) from 2000-2004:

Programs included inter-linked modules, lectures, case studies, interactive computer simulation models, site visits to urban projects, discussion groups and networking with professional counterparts from international metropolitan regions. Sessions had a modular format and structured team teaching, taught by a team of senior faculty and guest lecturers. Programs ended with a synthesis presented through a project evaluation exercise. Participants used case projects to examine strategies from the viewpoint of both public and private partners — to assess the feasibility and potential impacts of policies and projects on the community and the city. Presentations by guest speakers representing U.S. and international agencies, NGOs, and community groups were also integrated within the pedagogic framework of each module.

Tags

“The Abidjan Experience”- Four Research Reports on Community-Based Urban Development in Adjamé, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 1990-1995

Abstract

Between 1990 and 1995, the Unit for Housing and Urban Development (later CUDS) prepared four research reports on the commune district of Adjamé in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast). As a collection, these materials present a detailed analysis of urban housing trends in Côte d’Ivoire from the 1990s, covering economic, historical, architectural, financial and socio-geographical elements.

First, in September 1990 the Unit produced a major research endeavor, “Urban Infrastructure on Municipal Revenues and the Integration of Informal Sector Activities: The Abidjan Experience.” The report was produced for the Office of Housing and Urban Programs, U.S. Agency for International Development, in Washington D.C.

Second, in January 1994 Drs. Mona Serageldin and Francois Vigier wrote “Designing for Urban Growth, Abidjan Ivory Coast,” covering the socio-geography of Abidjan/Côte d’Ivoire in 5 detailed sections on National Context, Landscape, The Urban Landscape, Housing Typologies, and a detailed condition analysis of the Commune of Adjamé.

Third, in September 1994 the Unit presented “Community Based Development Lessons from Experience Across Cities” for a forum on “Enabling Sustainable Community Development” at the 2nd World Bank Conference. The presentation built on the Unit’s previous research on Adjamé among other cities, sponsored by the USAID,’s Office of Environment and Urban Programs.

Fourth, in October 1995 Dr. Mona Serageldin and CUDS wrote a Working Paper: “Successful Institutionalization of Community Based Development of Adjamé, Abidjan.” The paper built off all previous research on Abidjan, covering six international case studies from Abidjan, Boston, Cairo, Lima, Lublin and Tunis, selected because of their innovative character. (See footnote 1 on cover page).


[Excerpt: “Community Based Development: Lessons from Experience Across Cities,” for the 2nd World Bank Conference, September 1994, Introduction, by Mona Serageldin for the Unit, 09/1994]/

“The ESD Conference, just completed yesterday, saw a remarkable unnamity on two points of relevance, to a discussion of cross-cutting lessons.

First, that community involvement is paramount for any meaningful action to reduce poverty and improve the urban environment; and Second, that there is no single formula to do it. The diversity of cities and their local context entail that concepts be adapted to the particularities of the local context.

Yet, there is a lot to be learned from the sharing of experiences. In spite of the diversity, there are common threads. The issue of empowerment was eloquently discussed this morning. Other issues have been discussed by the previous speakers. My presentation will highlight principles which structure interfaces between communities and municipalities in order to foster community based development approaches.”

Project Year:1990-1995
Project Type:Urban Development Research
Geographic Regions:Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire / Boston, United States / Cairo, Egypt / Lima, Perú / Lublin, Poland / Tunis, Tunisia
Reports:

“The Impact of Investments in Urban Infrastructure on Municipal Revenues and the Integration of Informal Sector Activities: The Abidjan Experience,” Full Report (September 1990)


Designing for Urban Growth, Abidjan, Ivory Coast,Mona Serageldin, Francois C.D, Vigier (January 1994)


Community Based Development: Lessons from Experience Across Cities,” Forum on “Enabling Sustainable Community Development,” 2nd World Bank Conference (September 1994)


Working Paper on “Successful Institutionalization of Community Based Development in the Commune of Adjamé,” from Community-Based Development: Experiences Across Cities. Working Paper Series, Office of Environment and Urban Programs, Center for Environment, USAID, pp. 18-31, September 1994. PN-ABU-443 (October 1995)

Authors:Samir Abdulac; Mona Serageldin; Howard Trett; François Vigier; Wafaa Abdalla; Jeanine Anderson; Nader El Bizri; Janne Corneil; John Driscoll; Denis Lesage; Sherif Lotfi; David Neilson; Tarek Sweilim
Sponsors:Unit for Housing and Urbanization at the Harvard Graduate School of Design; World Bank Conference, USAID Office of Environment and Urban Programs
Categories:Urban Planning
  
ID:1990_09_001

Related I2UD Projects

Tags

ITP 1988: “Housing Affordability: Project Appraisal and Program Structure,” with Boston Redevelopment Authority Site Visit, International Training Programs, 1988

Abstract

Documents include case studies for the 1988 International Training Program, addressing the Boston housing economy and detailing site visits with the Boston Redevelopment Authority. Particularly informative is a paper by Dr. Mona Serageldin, “Housing Affordability: Project Appraisal and Program Structure.” This paper details a housing affordability model for urban housing development, and includes data sets used for ITP sessions: tables of basic and urban indicators and global household graphical statistics used for ITP sessions.

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year:1988
Project Type:ITP; Education
Geographic Regions:Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Reports:

ITP 1988: Housing Affordability:
Project Appraisal and Program Structure (Mona Serageldin)



ITP 1988: Housing Affordability:
Affordable Housing in the US Concepts and Selected Projects



ITP 1988: Housing Affordability:
Boston Redevelopment Authority Site Visit



ITP 1988: Housing Affordability:
Boston Redevelopment Authority Supplementary Documentation




Authors:Mona Serageldin;
Sponsors:Unit for Housing and Urbanization of the Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Categories:International Training Program; Education;
  
ID:1988_00_002

Related I2UD Projects

The International Training Programs (ITP) began in 1982, as 2-4 week long summer seminars held by the Unit for Housing and Urbanization (Harvard University) in Cambridge, MA. ITP curriculums were designed to strengthen the decision-making skills of senior professionals in public and private agencies responsible for urban development.

The I2UD Digital Library holds curriculum materials for ITPs from 19881991199419951997 and 1998:

The tradition of ITPs continued after 2000, when CUDS (a re-organization of the Unit) continued training seminars as “International Education Programs” (IEP) from 2000-2004:

Programs included inter-linked modules, lectures, case studies, interactive computer simulation models, site visits to urban projects, discussion groups and networking with professional counterparts from international metropolitan regions. Sessions had a modular format and structured team teaching, taught by a team of senior faculty and guest lecturers. Programs ended with a synthesis presented through a project evaluation exercise. Participants used case projects to examine strategies from the viewpoint of both public and private partners — to assess the feasibility and potential impacts of policies and projects on the community and the city. Presentations by guest speakers representing U.S. and international agencies, NGOs, and community groups were also integrated within the pedagogic framework of each module.

Tags

International Training Programs (ITP) 1982-2000: Survey of Modules for International Training Program Seminars

Abstract

Documents below represent a survey of ITP materials between 1982-2000, including a list of modules, and a history summary, ITP Archives Brochures from 1993-2000, with case studies on the Boston Charlestown Navy Yard, New Market in Roxbury, and London’s Docklands on the Isle of Dogs. See A History of ITP and IEP Seminars below for more information on ITP work.

Modules below represent a range of topics, some repeated for later years of International Training Programs:

  • Strategic Planning and the Financing of Urban Development;
  • Financing Infrastructure and Urban Services;
  • Urban Environmental Improvements Through Community Empowerment;
  • Accessing Resources for Community Development;
  • Economic and Financial Assessment of Urban Projects;
  • Financing Affordable Housing and Infrastructure Planning.

See related I2UD projects below

Project Year:1982-2000
Project Type:ITP; Education
Geographic Regions:Charlestown Navy Yard and Newmarket, Boston, USA / Isle of Dogs and Surry Docks, London, UK / Santa Cruz Island, Ecuador
Reports:

ITP: (List of Modules)


ITP: (History Summary)




Brochures, 1993-2000:

ITP: Archives Brochure (1993)


ITP: Archives Brochure (1996)


ITP: Archives Summary (1996)


ITP: Archives Brochure (1998)


ITP: Archives Brochure (1999)


ITP: Archives Brochure (2000)




Case Studies:

ITP: Charlestown Navy Yard (Case Study)


ITP: New Market Roxbury Boston (Case Study)


ITP: Innstad New Town (Fictional Case Study)


ITP: The London Docklands (Case Study)


ITP: The Isle of Dogs London Docklands Redevelopment (Case Study)


Authors:François Vigier; Victor Karen; Barry Shaw;
Sponsors:Unit for Housing and Urbanization of the Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Categories:International Training Program; Education;
  
ID:1982_00_001

Related I2UD Projects

The International Training Programs (ITP) began in 1982, as 2-4 week long summer seminars held by the Unit for Housing and Urbanization (Harvard University) in Cambridge, MA. ITP curriculums were designed to strengthen the decision-making skills of senior professionals in public and private agencies responsible for urban development.

The I2UD Digital Library holds curriculum materials for ITPs from 19881991199419951997 and 1998:

The tradition of ITPs continued after 2000, when CUDS (a re-organization of the Unit) continued training seminars as “International Education Programs” (IEP) from 2000-2004:

Programs included inter-linked modules, lectures, case studies, interactive computer simulation models, site visits to urban projects, discussion groups and networking with professional counterparts from international metropolitan regions. Sessions had a modular format and structured team teaching, taught by a team of senior faculty and guest lecturers. Programs ended with a synthesis presented through a project evaluation exercise. Participants used case projects to examine strategies from the viewpoint of both public and private partners — to assess the feasibility and potential impacts of policies and projects on the community and the city. Presentations by guest speakers representing U.S. and international agencies, NGOs, and community groups were also integrated within the pedagogic framework of each module.

Tags